What is Hashing, Encryption and Encoding ? A detailed overview
As a cybersecurity professional, I often come across situations where the terms hashing, encryption, and encoding are used interchangeably. However, these are different concepts and work differently in relation to information security. Today, I will tell you the differences between these processes and present you with the most commonly used tools.
Hashing: One-Way Transformation
Hashing is a one-way function used to convert data to a fixed-sized string of characters; it’s commonly used in verifying the integrity of data. Common hashing algorithms are MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-256. Hashing is non-reversible. That is, one cannot get the original data from the hash it computed.
The process of hashing is called a one-way function. It converts any size of the input data to a fixed-size string of characters. As a practitioner in the field of data security, I often employ hashing to ensure the data’s integrity and for password storage. Unlike encryption, it is not possible to reverse hashing.
Encryption: Data Security with Keys
Encryption serves to secure the data through a coded format from which it can only be reversed by the use of a particular decryption key. Common encryption algorithms are AES, RSA, and Blowfish. Encryption is a two-way process. The data is changed in the form of a scrambled format using a key, which can be decrypted back to its original form with the use of the right key. Encryption is utilized by me to shield confidential data during transmission or store it.
Encoding: Data Change
In simple words, encoding is the process of converting data into another format, such that can be used mainly for efficient transmission and storage. On the other hand, hashing and encryption are always performed for security purposes; however, encoding can be easily reversed to its original form, that is, plain text.
Unlike hashing and encryption, encoding is not primarily used for security purposes. I constantly employ encoding to facilitate data compatibility across different systems.
Most Hackable Passwords That Are Easy to Crack
Password cracking tools such as Hashcat and John the Ripper are widely used for retrieving hashed or encrypted passwords by using different algorithms and modes of attack. Hashcat is fast and supports several hashing algorithms. On the other hand, John the Ripper is versatile and can work with a number of encryption standards. Both of them can crack formats such as id_rsa, pcap, zip, and rar files.
In my job, I have learned a lot about password cracking tools. Hashcat and John the Ripper are my favorite. Now, let us look at them and how they are applied.
Hashcat: The Fastest Password Cracker in the World
Hashcat is supported for its agility and flexibility. This is a typical use case:
Cracking MD5 Hashes:
hashcat -m 0 -a 0 hashes.txt wordlist.txt
Cracking SHA-256 Hashes:
hashcat -m 1400 -a 0 hashes.txt wordlist.txt
Cracking WPA/WPA2 Handshakes:
hashcat -m 2500 -a 0 capture.hccapx wordlist.txt
Popular Attack Modes
- Dictionary attacks
- Brute force
- Rainbow table attacks
Hashcat’s -m flag specifies the type of hash or encryption being cracked, such as 0 for MD5, 100 for SHA-1, or 1400 for SHA-256. In John the Ripper, format flags like --format=raw-md5 or --format=zip define the target type.
These tools are invaluable for penetration testing and cybersecurity professionals but should only be used ethically, within legal boundaries, and with proper authorization.
John the Ripper: The Old School Password Cracker
The super powerful “John the Ripper” tool also known as “John” is an extra tool that I apply a lot of times. Here are some examples:
Cracking ZIP Files:
zip2john file.zip > hash.txt
john hash.txt
Cracking SSH Private Keys:
ssh2john id_rsa > hash.txt
john hash.txt
Cracking RAR Files:
rar2john file.rar > hash.txt
john hash.txt
Conclusion
In the case of cybersecurity, it is important to know in detail the peculiarities of hashing, encryption, and encoding. From the information that has been brought forth, it can be seen that each of the processes has its own functionality and is vital for diverse kinds of data protection and manipulation. Hashcat and John the Ripper, the two tools we have gone into in detail, are definitely the most important tech for cybersecurity professionals and enthusiasts alike in the password recovery and system testing.
Thet stabilize on a note of caution. Whereas these tools are powerful, they should always be used ethically and legally. Moreover, having worked in this field personally, I highly recommend attaining the necessary permission from the owner of the system or data you are working with before using any of these tools.
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